8 - TOWARDS THE MODERN PERIOD

Towards the modern period. 

Fill in the blanks: - 
1)Coins inscriptions and artefacts are different types of (primary) source materials. 
2) (Humanism) is the concept where man and everything related to man is at the core of all studies. 
3) The (middle class) was a new group of people who were neither the feudal lords know the common masses. 
4) in 1456 the first printed book the (Bible) was brought out. 
5) The policy of a country extending its power by acquiring territories or colonies is called (imperialism). 

State whether the following statements are true or false: - 
1)The Renaissance and reformation were the important effects of industrial revolution in England. False. 
Correct --The Renaissance and reformation were the important effects of modern democracy.

 2)Plunder exploitation and was accompanied the spread of European influence in Asia and Africa --true. 

3) James Watt device pump using steam power. False. 
 Correct--Thomas Newcomen device using steam power. 

4) Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire -- true. 

5) The British sold their cotton in the regions they colonized --false.
Correct -- the British sold their manufactured goods in the region they colonized. 

 QUESTION. &. ANSWERS 
Q1) Mention four important characteristics of the modern period? 
A1) The modern period has come to be characterized by changes such as the expansion of trade industrialisation, widespread literacy, democratic political systems, based on ideas like liberty and equality. 

Q2) Name the two kinds of source materials used for the study of the modern period? 
A1) Events and changes in the modern period as studied with the help of primary and secondary source materials. 

Q3) What was the feudal system? 
A3) In the feudal system land was owned by lords who provided protection to the peasants who worked on their lands the lord paid taxes to the king or provided him with soldiers. 

Q4) Mention any important consequences of the crusades? 
A) The crusades or holy wars fought between the Christians and Muslims these wars resulted in interaction between the Europeans and the Arabs and opened up trade contacts between them. 

Q5) who were the middle class? 
A5) The wealthy merchant class along with professionals like doctors’ lawyers and teachers exercised a lot of influence in society they formed a new group in the society the middle class who were neither feudal lords nor the common masses. 

Q6 What was the importance of Constantinople before it fell to the ottomans in 1453.? 
A) Constantinople was not only a great centre of classical Greek and Latin learning but also at the crossroads of trade between west and east. 

Q7) What is the meaning of Renaissance where did it begin? 
A7) The revival of Greek and Latin learning which led to a cultural movement is called The Renaissance, it began in Italy and spread to other parts of Europe between the 14th and 16 century. 

Q8) What were the two main features of Renaissance? 
A8) Renaissance was noted for its two main features the spirit of scientific enquiry and humanism.

 Q9) Mention two ways in which the pope exercised nauthority over people in western Europe? 
A9) the church led by the pope had exercised unquestioned authority over the rulers and the people of Western Europe.the pope collected taxes from the land owned by the church and laid down norms and traditions that were binding to all Christians. 

Q10) What were indulgences? 
A10) The church used to issue letters of pardon called indulgences which promised remission from punishments for sin. 

Q11) Who was Martin Luther? 
A11) Martin Luther was a German priest who began the protestan. Reformation movement in 1517 He challenged the wrong practices of the church and attacked the sale of indulgences in his book (95 theses). 

Q12) What was the industrial revolution?
A12) in the 18th century the expansion of trade and the high demand for goods LED merchants to change and improve the methods of production. Thus, industries came into being where goods were manufactured in factories. 

Q13) what do you understand by imperialism?
A13) The policy of practice of a country extending its power by acquiring territories or colonies is called imperialism. 

B) answer the following questions: -- 
1)with reference to source materials for the study of the modern period: -
 a) describe the different types of primary sources
 A * primary sources include literary source materials such as original official documents administrative records official letters survey reports and members and non-official documents such as personal letters diaries newspapers report and works of literature. archaeological remains such as coins inscriptions and land grants on copper plates armaments and artefacts. 
* Audio cassettes films and videotapes of incidents or of interviews of important personalities are all primary source materials. 
 * while the secondary sources are usually in the form of works of historians and scholars who arrived at conclusions after carefully studying the primary sources their works may be in the forms of reports reviews articles of books films based on true incidents with supporting evidence from primary source materials it may be treated as secondary sources as well.

 B2) with reference to the Renaissance. a) explain the meanings of spirit of scientific enquiry and humanism: - 
Aa) the spirit of scientific enquiry-- is the earths to ask questions and to seek answers through scientific methods observation, experiments and logical thinking. The concept of humanism made man and everything concerning in the most important subject of study. 

b) give the names and contributions of four great masters of this cultural movement: -- 
A) the great master of The Renaissance includes Leonardo da Vinci a great artist as well as a scholar of science. Nicholas Copernicus who made calculations to show that the Earth revolves around the sun. Galileo Galilei design a telescope which proved that Copernicus was right Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1456 the first printed book the Gutenberg Bible was brought out. 

B3) Mention two factors that made sea voyages possible and give support to explorers. What were the consequences of the discovery of lands which were unknown to Europeans earlier? 
Ans) The invention of the mariner's compass, astrolabe and quadrant, improvements in shipbuilding and cartography (map making) and the use of gunpowder made long hazardous sea voyages possible. Lands unknown to Europeans were discovered leading to tremendous expansion in trade, merchants brought enormous wealth for their countries. Trading companies as the East India company was set up. This ultimately led to the colonisation of large portions of Asia and Africa.

 B4) What were the causes of the industrial revolution what were the changes that followed it?
 Ans) There were several factors which led to the industrial revolution in Britain: -- such as improvement in agriculture leading to surplus production of food and hence higher incomes and increase in population. Availability of mineral resources. techno logical changes -- a large number of inventions made the industrial revolution possible. Improved improved transportation and the establishment of British colonies which served as suppliers and consumers. These colonies also became ready markets for the sale of manufactured goods. The changes that followed were the need for new resources of raw materials and for markets for finished goods, followed by the need to invest surplus capital which made Europeans Nations establish political and economic control over their colonies. Thus, started imperialism or the policy of colonisation. Write the question and answers including the exercises in your history notebook and learn the chapter thoroughly